This paper looks at the major developments in the Indian and Chinese pharmaceutical industries and the major opportunities. It considers how the agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) has been translated into domestic law in both countries; and the role India and China might play for either finished product or active pharmaceutical ingredient supply for domestic use or export, with regards to first-line recommendations for diseases like malaria and HIV
This paper examines Kenyan legislation and policy in light of the international intellectual property rights framework, in particular the World Trade Oorganization’s Doha Ministerial Declaration decision. It considers the existing sources of supply and associated trends in pricing of pharmaceutical products in Kenya, placing the focus on medicines that are, or are likely to be, affected by these rights
This report considers the extent to which the government’s legislative and policy programme has furthered access to essential medicines in Malawi and, in particular, has taken advantage of the flexibilities under the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement
This overview draws on seven studies commissioned by the UK's Department for International Development. After providing some background, it considers the implications of stronger intellectual property protection for access to medicines; the prospects for supply in emerging and under-served markets; and makes recommendations for increasing access
This paper addresses the varied ways by which a non-medicine producing country may lawfully utilise the agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) flexibilities, primarily by importing. However, it also briefly discusses means for promoting local production through pharmaceutical capacity building and through both compulsory and voluntary licensing. To help decision-makers in understanding and evaluating the opportunities and constraints of each alternative, the paper briefly describes their respective advantages and disadvantages in terms of developing countries’ sustainable access to more affordable medicines, highlighting differing legal interpretations, political realities and pragmatic administrative and economic constraints
This study describes current drug regulation and registration processes in selected countries, in order to understand how they affect the quality and availability of medicines in developing countries. It puts forward policy recommendations as to how systems can more efficiently allow appropriate quality drugs to be marketed and examines the emerging challenges and requirements posed by compulsory licensing, drugs for neglected diseases, anti-retroviral (ARV) and anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs
This study addresses the question of whether access to medicines can be improved in sub-Saharan Africa by producing them locally. For this production to be sustainable, it must be both economically viable while meeting quality standards, and result in the improvement of access along one or more of the following dimensions: geographical accessibility, physical availability, affordability and acceptability