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This handbook contains a comprehensive discussion of evaluation approaches and methodologies for HIV prevention and care programmes. Its premise is that evaluation is an integral part of any programme from initial planning onward. Section I discusses concepts and approaches to evaluation and suggests an evaluation strategy design. Section II describes operational approaches for evaluating programmes concerned with promotion of behavioural change, infection control, condom use, voluntary counselling and testing, and people living with HIV or AIDS (PLWHA). Section III focuses on methodologies for measuring behavioural trends while section IV addresses evaluation issues of programme impact assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis. This publication is designed for use by programme managers and decision makers